Identifying Individual Preferences in the Airline Industry Free Essays

string(257) " Assume that the budget lines for business and pleasure travellers are equal which can be seen from graph 3 and 4 below; the steeper indifference curves for business travellers show their optimal choices between purchasing airplane tickets and other goods\." Transportation services are becoming more common and broadly used in recent decade, in line with the advancement of technology. Generally, transportation services can be divided into three groups: water transportation, land transportation and air transportation (Gee, Choy, Makens, 1984). Airline industry, which this essay focusing on, is one of the discoveries of newest innovations in the travel services sector. We will write a custom essay sample on Identifying Individual Preferences in the Airline Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has been developed so much in recent year to operate more effectively. Not only guarantee a safe journey to the destination place, the airline companies are now trying to create a competition in the market by providing the best services to the travellers and offering competitive prices (Hensher Louviere, 1983). Those strategies are aimed to attract more consumers to travel by their airline companies. This essay will discuss the theories of consumer economics and their applications in the real consumer issues in airline industry, mainly on the factors that changing the consumer demand of airplane ticket, as well as the underlying reasons of why consumers prefer some particular airlines to the others. Furthermore, the behaviour of different types of consumers toward the choice of different airlines will also be discussed here. In observing those issues, this paper will focus on two airline companies: Singapore Airlines and Jetstar. The price data were obtained from a single route from Melbourne to Singapore. The core idea in analysing consumer behaviour in making choices in the economic activity, mainly in the airline industry, is because of their limited incomes and unlimited wants. Those then lead to trade-offs and opportunity costs. Consumers in the airline industry could be divided into two groups, which are business and pleasure travellers. Elasticity is the percentage change in one variable resulting from a 1-percent increase in another (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2009). When the price elasticity is greater than 1 in magnitude, we say that demand is price elastic because the percentage decline in quantity demanded is greater than the percentage increase in price. If the price is less than 1 in magnitude, the demand is said to be price inelastic. Graph 1. Elastic and inelastic demand (Inelastic demand) (Elastic demand) In this case, elastic demand of airline industry is exceptionally unstable because it depends on the market conditions such as inflation, terrorists attack and price oil. In airline industry, price elasticity demand is considered both elastic and inelastic (Yahoo Voices, 2008). An elastic demand is in relation travel for pleasure. Pleasure travellers are extremely sensitive to the price of the travel. An inelastic demand is in relation for business travel. Business travels have little effect for increase in price of the travel. Income elasticity of demand measures the degree of responsiveness of demand of a good to a change in consumers’ income. It has equation of : EI=[ΔQ/Q]/[ ΔI/I]=[I/Q]*[ ΔQ/ ΔI]. Airplane ticket is normal good as it has a positive income elasticity, which means when consumers’ income increase the consumption of ticket will increase as well. Cross elasticity of demand measures the degree of responsiveness of demand of one good to a change in the price of another good. It is shown in the equation: EQ1P2 = [ΔQ1/Q1] / [ΔP2/P2] = [P2/Q2]*[ΔQ1/ ΔP2]. If airplane ticket and other consumption (i.e. food and cloths) are considered as a group, there will be a positive cross-price elasticity, which tells us that if the price of one good (other consumption or ticket) goes up, the demand for the other good goes up as well. Consumer behaviour analysis attempts to understand the consumers’ allocation of incomes among different goods and services to maximize their well-being. It consist of three distinct aspects: consumer preferences, describing the reasons why people might prefer one good to another; budget constraints, reflecting consumers’ limited incomes that restrict the quantities of goods they can buy; and consumer choices, which are the combination of the consumer preferences and budgets constraints (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2009). There are some basic assumptions made in observing consumer preferences in the airline industry. First, preferences are assumed to be complete. Complete means that consumers are able to compare and rank all possible market baskets. However, this assumption ignores costs. Second, preferences are transitive or consistent. And third, â€Å"more is better than less† since goods are assumed to be desirable. Indifference curve represents all combinations of market baskets which provide consumer with same level of satisfaction (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2009). Indifference curve and utility functions (set of indifference curves) are used to analyse the consumer behaviour and preferences in choosing market baskets, in which relate to consumer demand (Gould, 1973). Higher indifference curve is more preferable to the lower one because it represents higher welfare (Telhado, 2007). Moreover, indifference curves cannot intersect and the slope of each point in the indifference curve represents marginal rate of substitution (MRS), which is the maximum amount of a good that consumer is willing to give up to obtain one additional unit of another good. Indifference curves of consumers in the airline industry are assumed to be downward sloping and bowed-inward, reflecting diminishing MRS, since the demand of airplane tickets and comparable goods are both desirable. The shape of the indifference curves is different among group of consumers. Indifference curves of the first group of consumer, business travellers, are steeper than pleasure travellers. Graph 1 below shows that the business travellers’ group is willing to trade more of other consumption (a) to exchange it with an airplane ticket (b), since they need to directly travel to other place establishing business transactions. Graph 2. Indifference map for business travellers While in the graph 2, pleasure travellers is unwillingly trade more of the other consumptions in order to purchase a unit of airplane ticket (a b). It is because they travel to seek pleasure, not urgently need to be done directly. Thus, they are more flexible in the decision making process of which airline company they want to travel with and the time of travel. Graph 3. Indifference map for pleasure travellers Along with indifference curve, there is budget constraints which restraint consumer’s consumptions due to limited incomes (Mary, 2007). Assume that the budget lines for business and pleasure travellers are equal which can be seen from graph 3 and 4 below; the steeper indifference curves for business travellers show their optimal choices between purchasing airplane tickets and other goods. You read "Identifying Individual Preferences in the Airline Industry" in category "Papers" Business travellers seem to purchase more airplane tickets rather than other consumptions because they want to give up more of other consumptions to obtain an additional airplane ticket. Graph 4. Indifference map and budget constraints for business travellers In contrast, for pleasure travellers, the flatter indifference curves will lead them to purchase other consumptions rather than allocating a large portion of income in purchasing airplane tickets. The tangent between indifference curve and budget constraint will be the point of maximum well-being which can be achieved. Area below the optimal point shows that the consumers are not maximising their consumption. Whilst the area above that point means the consumers do not have enough income (budget) to achieve that consumption level. Graph 5. Indifference curve for pleasure travellers In general, when there is a change in consumer’s income, there will be a parallel shift in the budget line, either downward or upward. As shown in graph below, initially, the utility-maximizing consumption choice is at A, at which point he buys X1 units of airplane ticket and Y1 units of other kinds of good. If his income increases, his budget line will shift outward, allowing him to attain the higher utility level associated with indifference curve U2 and then U3. His optimal consumption choice is at B (and then D) now. At this time, the consumer can purchase larger units of tickets (from X1 to X2 to X3). It can be seen in the income-consumption curve that the slope is upward, because as income increase, the consumption of both airplane ticket and other consumption increase. Graph 6. The effect of a change in income level On the other hand, when there is a change in product’s price and income level held constant, there will be an intercept rotation on the budget line. Recent condition in the airline industry is many companies try to attract more consumers to purchase the airline tickets from them by cutting the airfares. This strategy increases the competition level among the airline industry. The reduction in price of the air fares will result in outward rotation in the budget line on the ‘x’ axis, which represents airplane ticket. People can now purchase more airplane tickets due to lower price, representing the increase in consumers’ welfare or utility level. It is associated by the movement of indifference curve from U1 to U3 by selecting point D. At this time, consumption of ticket will increase from X1 to X3. Moreover, the slope of the second budget constraint is now decreasing, represents lower opportunity cost of obtaining a unit of airplane ticket. Graph 7. The effect of the decrease in price level In most cases, consumers would like to buy more airplane tickets as their income increases, but in some cases, the quantity demanded falls as income increases, the income elasticity of demand is negative. As shown in graph below, for relatively low levels of income (between point A and B), both Singapore Airlines and Jetstar flights are normal goods. However, as income rises, some consumers tend to buy less Jetstar tickets and more Singapore Airlines tickets as Singapore airlines has better service, food supply and in-flight entertainment system. At this time Jetstar has become an inferior good, the income-consumption curve bends backward from point B to C, which means its consumption has fallen when income has increased. Graph 8. Jetstar becomes an inferior good as income increases Even though Jetstar has been said as inferior good in some cases, in general, airline ticket is assumed as normal good. Refer to that, a decrease in the price of airline tickets due to the market competition has both income and substitution effect. As shown in the graph below, the consumer is initially at A, on budget line RS. When the price of ticket falls, consumption increases by A1A2 as the consumer move to B. Keeping real income constant, the substitution effect A1E can be got when the price of ticket falls, associated with a move from A to D. If keeping relative price constant but increasing purchasing power, the income effect EA2 can be got, associated with a move from D to B. As airplane ticket is normal good, the income effect EA2 is positive. Therefore, the total effect of a change in ticket price is equal to the sum of the substitution effect and income effect. Graph 9. Total effect of a change in price After discussing the demand curve for individual consumer, market demand curve for airplane ticket will be shown now. It can be derived as the sum of the individual demand curve of all consumers in the market, as stated previously. As shown in graph below, the market demand curve is also slope downward as all the individual demand curves slope downward. However, the market demand curve is not a straight line. When more people choose to travel by airplane, the market demand curve will shift to the right. In addition, if most consumers in the market earn more income, as a result, their increasing demand for airplane ticket will also shift the market curve to the right. If the economic crisis breaks out as what happened several years ago, many people lose their job and the income decreased. Thus, the market demand curve for airplane ticket will shift to the left. Graph 10. The market demand curve for airplane ticket From the actual rates, Singapore Airlines has the higher average price than Jetstar. In the same time, there is a survey about the level of satisfactions of international airlines shown by the graph below. From the graph, it illustrates that Singapore Airlines has the highest satisfaction level figure. From the risk and uncertainty point of view, Singapore Airlines provides superior service and it maintains an eye on rivals’ prices and ensures it stays competitive among other airline companies. The airline cancellations and delays usually provided with explanations and apologies. This airline is also providing advantage on frequent flyer consumers such as â€Å"priority passengers’ service†. This service is suitable for business travellers as it will give them advantage in booking urgently needed flights for important meetings. This airline is also suitable for those high-income pleasure travellers as it offers great entertainment and amusement, such as popular movies with multiple language options, games and dozens of audio channels. In addition, Singapore Airlines catering supply is trying to provide varieties of meals menu which match the likely passengers’ needs. For example, there will be Indian and western food provided for subcontinent flights. Moreover, Singapore Airlines has a modern fleet and the aircrafts have been maintained with the highest standards. Thus, the cost of flights is higher which result in the higher airfares, however, safely of this airline is guaranteed. Comparing to Singapore Airlines, Jetstar offers lower price to the consumers. Their food, beverages and entertainment standard are much lower than Singapore Airlines’. Jetstar is known for having many complaints from its passengers in term of its services, such as frequent delays and cancellations of flight. Those seem to be serious problems for business travellers, as time efficiency is the main factor. However, Jetstar’s network is constantly expanding by opening flights to some new locations in Asia. Thus, Jetstar is more suitable for pleasure travellers which have shorter travel distance and not much concern about the services provided on board. As the theory of equal marginal principle states that â€Å"the utility is maximized when the consumer has equalized the marginal utility per dollar of expenditure across all goods† (Gordon, 2007), the business travellers who are not price prioritize will choose to travel with Singapore Airlines since they prefer in optimal satisfaction. However, for the pleasure travellers that prioritize the price factor will choose to travel with Jetstar which provide low price for consumers rather than best satisfaction. Graph 11. Satisfactions with International Airlines 2009-2010 Even with a high level of satisfaction, Singapore Airline has experienced a decline in market share over the last five years, as shown in Graph 13. Low-cost airlines such as Jetstar have contributed to the lack of growth for more premium airlines. Additionally, Peter von Moltke stated that â€Å"the low cost sector is a major influence in sustaining a steady growth trajectory for the global aviation industry.† (PR Newswire, 2011). Graph 12. Market share of Top 10 Airlines in Australia (Department of Infrastructure and Transport, 2012) So far, it has assumed that people’s demands for airplane ticket are individualized. That enables us to obtain the market demand curve simply by summing individuals’ demands (Kris, 2007). In real-life, however, one person’s demand always depends on other people’s demand. That is a network externality, which can be positive or negative. It is a good chance for airline companies to attract more passengers by using bandwagon effect of a positive externality. As shown in the graph below, when consumers believe more people have purchased the product, the demand curve shifts further to the right (D1 to D5). The market demand curve is found by joining the points on the individual demand curves, which can be seen that it is relatively more elastic. Suppose the ticket price falls from P1 to P2. Without bandwagon effect, the quantity demanded will increase from Q2 to Q2’. However, as more passengers choose to fly with Jetstar or Singapore Airlines and think it is worth to be the first-flying choice as it is trustworthy, the bandwagon effect increases quantity demanded further to D4. Therefore, airline companies use bandwagon effect to increase the response of demand in relevance with price change. To obtain this effect, the airline companies could target its potential segment and use advertisement to build up their brand image and reputation among the market. For example, Singapore Airlines could use ‘comfortable, quick and always on-time’ image to attract its business travellers. And for Jetstar, the image of cheap and flexible could help the company to obtain its bandwagon effect in pleasure travellers’ market. Graph 13. Bandwagon effect To conclude, the consumers’ demand of airplane ticket is affected by their income, ticket price, and the demand elasticity. Business travellers prefer to travel with Singapore Airlines, even with a higher airfare. They concern more on punctuality and the service provided and their price elasticity of demand is low. In contrast, pleasure travellers are less concerned with the quality of service provided, focusing on reaching their destination with the lowest cost. Their price elasticity of demand is high, thus, Jetstar is preferred in this case. In the intense market competition, Singapore airlines and Jetstar could use the bandwagon effect to attract more passengers by building up their own brand image. How to cite Identifying Individual Preferences in the Airline Industry, Papers

Music and Its Importance Essay Sample free essay sample

I. Music is an of import portion of the lives of many around the existence. Music is used throughout the twenty-four hours. every twenty-four hours. Whether executing it. learning it. or merely basking it. music evokes attitudes in people. It transcends outlooks and springs over civilization values. It makes you think. feel. and allows you to understand cosmopolitan thoughts. Music speaks for you when you have no words to state. Although there are tonss of different types of my music my favourite is Rhythm and Blues. Rhythm and Blues ( besides known as R A ; B ) made a splash on the scene and alter the universe as we know it. Let’s take a blast from the past by presenting one of the most popular genres of music around. stating the significance behind R A ; B. and giving facts about why it’s merely that good. II. Rhythm and Blues originated in the late fortiess and early 1950s. We will write a custom essay sample on Music and Its Importance Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page R A ; B got its name from record companies when it ab initio came out because it was preponderantly to urban African Americans. During this clip swaying wind beats were going more popular. During the different decennaries R A ; B significances have made a immense displacement. The first name alteration occurred in the sixtiess. During the 1960s R A ; B made contributes to sway and turn over. Caucasic Americans so used the term R A ; B for Gospel. psyche. and electric blues. When the 1970s appeared the term R A ; B described a new signifier of music called funk. After the 90s music evolved and R A ; B is referred to start. psyche. funk-influenced music. R A ; B is so popular that it changes names but still maintains its manner. III. R A ; B is the best genre to listen to because it contains subgenres. For illustration. modern-day R A ; B. smooth R A ; B. decelerate jam. neo psyche. and hip hop psyche are a portion of R A ; B. R A ; B besides have merger genres of jook articulation blues. R A ; B hood. and rockabilly. Another ground why R A ; B is the best cistrons of music to listen to is because it has a broad assortment of instruments such as: the drum kit. dual bass. horns. piano. organ. and electric guitar. R A ; B besides have a assortment of creative person with a assortment of vocals and background singers. In my sentiment R A ; B creative persons are the best creative persons in the universe. They sing with passion and love. Tunes flow through your organic structure when listening to adult females like Whitney Houston. Mariah Carey. and Lauryn Hill. R A ; B singer’s words touch you and animate you. IV. R A ; B introduced records labels like Motown which become place to artist such as: Sam Cooke. The Jackson 5. Mary Wells. Diana Ross A ; The Supremes. The Four Tops. Boyz II Men. The Commodores. and Erykah Badu. All of these creative persons had an outstanding calling winning legion awards and holding chart exceeding vocals. I enjoy listening to all of these creative persons but my favourite of all clip is the Jackson 5. The Jackson 5 lived the American Dream. From Gary. Indiana. establishing group members include Jackie. Tito. Jermaine. Marlon and Michael. The Jackson 5 spent six and a half old ages on Motown and became the biggest phenomena of the seventiess. The Jackson 5 were the first act in entering history to hold their first four major label singles ( â€Å"I Want You Back† . â€Å"ABC† . â€Å"The Love You Save† . and â€Å"I’ll Be There† ) reach the top of the American charts. [ 2 ] Several subsequently singles. among them â€Å"Mama’s Pearl† . â€Å"Never Can State Goodbye† and â€Å"Dancing Machine† . were Top 5 dad hits and number-one hits on the R A ; B singles chart ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_Jackson_5 ) . The Jackson 5 vocals are sung throughout the universe today by striplings and grownups. V. To state that R A ; B is the best genre to listen to is an understatement. R A ; B music is great because it withholds old traditional values. R A ; B music is listened to and recorded throughout the universe. Many creative persons have sampled vocals from R A ; B creative person and turned them into another hit. R A ; B calms the ps yche and release emphasis. Whenever you want to set your head at easiness you can ever set on a R A ; B vocal and it will steer you into Eden. With religious wordss. heartfelt beats. and powerful messages. R A ; B is the best genre to listen to.

Nature and nurture on development Essay Essay Example

Nature and nurture on development Essay Essay In the survey of development. nature refers to the inherited ( familial ) features and inclinations that influence development. Some familial features appear in virtually everyone. For case. about all kids have the capacity to larn to walk. understand linguistic communication. imitate others. utilize simple tools. and draw illations about how other people view the universe. Thus all kids have a set of cosmopolitan human cistrons that. when coupled with a sensible environment. allow them to develop as moderately capable members of the human species. Other sorts of cistrons create differences among people. Children’s stature. oculus colour. and facial visual aspect are mostly determined by cistrons. Children’s temperament—their characteristic ways of reacting to emotional events. fresh stimulation. and their ain impulses—seems to be in portion affected by their single familial make-up ( Rothbart. Ahadi. A ; Evans. 2000 ; D. C. Rowe. Almeida. A ; Jacobson. 1999 ) . Similarly. being slow or speedy to larn from direction and mundane experiences has some familial footing ( Petrill A ; Wilkerson. 2000 ; Plomin. 1989 ) . Inherited features and inclinations are non ever apparent at birth. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature and nurture on development Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nature and nurture on development Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nature and nurture on development Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Many physical characteristics emerge bit by bit through the procedure of ripening. the genetically guided alterations that occur over the class of development. Environmental support. such as nutrient. moderately safe and toxin-free milieus. and antiphonal attention from others. is necessary for ripening to take topographic point ; nature neer works entirely. Thus nature’s spouse is nurture. the environmental conditions that influence development. Children’s experiences in the environment affect all facets of their being. from the wellness of their organic structures to the wonder of their heads. Raising affects children’s development through multiple channels: physically through nutrition. activity. and emphasis ; intellectually through informal experiences and formal direction ; and socially through grownup function theoretical accounts and peer relationships. With good environmental support. kids thrive. Unfortunately. the conditions of raising are non ever fostering. For illustration. kids who grow up in an opprobrious household must look outside the household for stable. fond attention. Historically. many theoreticians saw nature and raising as separate and rival factors. Some theoreticians believed that biological factors are finally responsible for growing. Other theoreticians assumed that kids become whatever the environment shapes them to be. Increasingly. developmental theoreticians have come to recognize that nature and raising are both of import and that they intermesh dynamically in the lives of kids. See these rules of how nature and nurture exert separate and combined effects: The comparative effects of heredity and environment vary for different countries of development. Some abilities are strongly influenced by genetically controlled systems in the encephalon. For illustration. the ability to separate among speech sounds develops without developing and under a broad scope of environmental conditions ( Flavell. 1994 ; Gallistel. Brown. Carey. Gelman. A ; Keil. 1991 ) . In contrast. abilities in traditional school capable countries ( e. g. . reading. geographics ) and advanced artistic and physical accomplishments ( e. g. . playing the piano. playing competitory association football ) rest to a great extent on direction and pattern ( Gardner. Torff. A ; Hatch. 1996 ; Olson. 1994 ; R. Watson. 1996 ) . Inherited inclinations make kids more or less antiphonal to peculiar environmental influences. Because of their familial make-up. some kids are easy affected by certain conditions in the environment. whereas others are less affected ( Rutter. 1997 ) . For illustration. kids who are. by nature. inhibited may be rather diffident around other people if they have few societal contacts. If their parents and instructors encourage them to do friends. nevertheless. they may go more socially surpassing ( Arcus. 1991 ; J. Kagan. 1998 ) . In contrast. kids who have more extrospective dispositions may be sociable regardless of the environment in which they grow up: They will persistently seek for equals with whom they can speak. laugh. and spend clip. Environment may play a greater function in development when environmental conditions are utmost instead than chair. When childs have experiences typical for their civilization and age-group. heredity frequently plays a strong function in their single features. Therefore. when kids grow up with equal nutrition. a warm and stable place environment. and appropriate educational experiences. heredity affects how rapidly and exhaustively they get new accomplishments. But when they have experiences that are rather unusual—for case. when they experience utmost deprivation—the influence of environment outweighs that of heredity ( D. C. Rowe. Almeida. A ; Jacobson. 1999 ) . For illustration. when kids grow up deprived of equal nutrition and stimulation. they may neglect to develop advanced rational accomplishments. even though they had the possible for such development when they were born ( Plomin A ; Petrill. 1997 ; D. C. Rowe. Jacobson. A ; Van lair Oord. 1999 ) . Similarly. when malnourished. kids tend to stay short in stature regardless of their familial potency to be tall ( J. S. Kagan. 1969 ) . Timing of environmental exposure affairs. When kids are altering quickly in any country. they are particularly prone to act upon by the environment. For illustration. early in a mother’s gestation. her usage of certain drugs may damage the rapidly turning variety meats and limbs of the developing foetus. Merely prior to birth. exposure to the same drugs may adversely impact the baby’s encephalon. which at that point is organizing the connexions that will allow endurance and the ability to larn in the outside universe. In a few instances environmental stimulation must happen during a peculiar period for an emerging ability to go functional ( Blakemore. 1976 ; Hubel A ; Wiesel. 1965 ) . In such instances there is a critical period for stimulation. For illustration. at birth. certain countries of the encephalon are tentatively reserved for treating ocular patterns—lines. forms. contours. deepness. and so forth. In virtually all instances. babies do encounter adequate stimulation to continue these encephalon circuits. However. when cataracts are present at birth and non removed for a few old ages. a child’s vision is obstructed. and countries of the encephalon that otherwise would be devoted to vision lose some of this capacity ( Bruer. 1999 ) . In many and likely most other developmental countries. nevertheless. kids may be most receptive to a certain type of stimulation at one point in their lives but be able to profit from it to some grade subsequently every bit good. Tonya. in the introductory instance survey. may hold encountered merely limited exposure to linguistic communication as a consequence of her mother’s weakened status. Immersed subsequently in a rich verbal environment. Tonya would hold a 2nd opportunity to spread out her verbal endowments. Thus educational experiences at a ulterior clip can frequently do up for experiences missed at an earlier period ( Bruer. 1999 ) . Many theoreticians use the term sensitive period ( instead than critical period ) when mentioning to such a long clip frame of heightened sensitiveness to peculiar environmental experiences. Children’s natural inclinations affect their environment. In add-on to being affected by nature and raising. children’s ain behaviours influence their growing. Childs make many picks. seek out information. and. over clip. polish their thoughts ( Flavell. 1994 ; Piaget. 1985 ) . For illustration. kids frequently request information ( â€Å"What cooperate mean. Mommy? † ) and experiences ( â€Å"Uncle Kevin. can I play on your computing machine? † ) . Children even help make environments that exacerbate their familial inclinations. For illustration. kids with cranky temperaments might pick battles and provoke others to flog back at them. making a more aggressive clime in which to turn. As kids get older. they become progressively able to seek stimulation that suits their inclinations. For illustration. conceive of that Marissa has an familial endowment for verbal skills—learning vocabulary. groking narratives. and so on. As a babe. she relies on her parents to speak to her. As a yearling. she asks her parents for peculiar sorts of stimulation ( â€Å"Read book. Daddy! † ) . In simple school she reads to herself from books supplied by her instructors. As a adolescent. she takes the coach to the library and selects her ain books. Marissa’s experience would propose that familial inclinations become more powerful as kids grow older—an outlook that is in fact consistent with familial research ( Scarr A ; McCartney. 1983 ) .

Free Essays on Absurdity

Truly Educated? Going to school and getting a college degree is a form of being educated, but in my opinion it doesn’t consider a person truly educated. In order for one to be truly educated, you need to look outside the boundaries of that degree and look at the other side of it. I feel there are two types of education, book education and life education. Book education, is of course, a form of being educated through school, but learning about life and the aspects of it, is that the more you know about life and the experiences you have will make you a more educated person. Through out life you are constantly learning and being educated. You experience things sometimes and don’t even know you are being educated, whether it be a good experience or a bad experience, the end result is you learning something. Getting an education is not just being taught by another person, it is teaching yourself. You have the ability to learn, and you decide what you want to educate yourself about. I think that the most important person anyone learns from is themselves. You let yourself listen and see, so if you are listening or watching another person, or anything in general, you learn. Watching the news on television is a source if learning. You decide whether or not you want to educate yourself on what’s going on in the world, and if you do you educate yourself. You don’t have to have someone physically in front of you to teach you. There are so many different people that teach you, whether it be teaching directly, like a school teacher or indirectly, learning by watching someone else. In the end you are more educated than before. Watching others is a big part of what type of person someone will become starting at a young age. In the short story School Vs. Education, written by Russell Baker, he states, â€Å"from watching his parents, the child, in many cases, will already know how to smoke, how much soda to mix with whisky... Free Essays on Absurdity Free Essays on Absurdity Truly Educated? Going to school and getting a college degree is a form of being educated, but in my opinion it doesn’t consider a person truly educated. In order for one to be truly educated, you need to look outside the boundaries of that degree and look at the other side of it. I feel there are two types of education, book education and life education. Book education, is of course, a form of being educated through school, but learning about life and the aspects of it, is that the more you know about life and the experiences you have will make you a more educated person. Through out life you are constantly learning and being educated. You experience things sometimes and don’t even know you are being educated, whether it be a good experience or a bad experience, the end result is you learning something. Getting an education is not just being taught by another person, it is teaching yourself. You have the ability to learn, and you decide what you want to educate yourself about. I think that the most important person anyone learns from is themselves. You let yourself listen and see, so if you are listening or watching another person, or anything in general, you learn. Watching the news on television is a source if learning. You decide whether or not you want to educate yourself on what’s going on in the world, and if you do you educate yourself. You don’t have to have someone physically in front of you to teach you. There are so many different people that teach you, whether it be teaching directly, like a school teacher or indirectly, learning by watching someone else. In the end you are more educated than before. Watching others is a big part of what type of person someone will become starting at a young age. In the short story School Vs. Education, written by Russell Baker, he states, â€Å"from watching his parents, the child, in many cases, will already know how to smoke, how much soda to mix with whisky...

Earn More Money by Artful Negotiation

Earn More Money Want more money? Dont hesitate; negotiate! Whether you are looking for higher salary at work, greater price on a house or better paying freelance assignments, the principles of negotiation remain the same. 1. Assess yourself. How long have you been in business? You can command a higher price if youre a veteran than if youre a novice. While some magazines welcome the fresh approach that new writers bring, many prefer to work with established writers for their experience and professionalism. 2. Assess the market. What is the magazines budget? Where do they get their funding from? How large is their subscriber base? What are their advertising rates? A privately-owned corporate publication will pay more than a department journal run 3. Keep your finger on the pulse. What are the current rates for your type of work? Ask around in writers groups, associations or online forums. What do the editors of your chosen target market seek? Check Duotrope for interviews indicating likes, dislikes and tips. Then tailor your work to align to them. The less revision your work requires, the more favourable your image, the stronger your bargaining position. 4. Have a holistic view. Where is the magazine based? New York publications pay more than Wyoming ones. Is it boom time or bust? Recession can drag overall rates down, so raise your expectations reasonably. 5. Check your budget. What have you put in to get your work out? Monitor writing-related expenditure advertising, writing material, home office with a broadband connection, library membership, subscription to a writers forum and factor in these deductions from your income to determine your asking rate. Keep in mind currency conversions, bank charges and other hidden transaction fees and ensure payment covers a percentage of it. 6. Consider the complexity. What type of article is it? What level of commitment is necessary? Researching, collecting supplementary material like photographs, arranging expert interviews, and including sidebars requires extra effort. Writing personal memoir doesnt. 7. Learn the legalese. Understand what rights are being requested. Moving heaven and earth for an extra $10 for one-time electronic rights is not worth the hassle. Asking 50 percent more for all rights is. 8. Be principled. Principles are any guiding rules we live 9. Compromise. Are you starving? Are you getting a chance to do something different that may offer new opportunities in future? Compromise on the money for non-monetary benefit-in-kind. 10. Be honest, persuasive and professional. The best type of negotiation is a win-win situation for both parties. You want the editor to feel they have gotten a good deal while ensuring you dont get the raw end of it either. Be courteous, honest, respectful and not defensive. Never be rude, threatening, sarcastic, argumentative or pushy. After you receive an offer, put your request as an open-ended question like, Is there any wiggle room in payment? Dont mention specific amounts, let the editor re-consider and come back with a revised figure. Be ready to walk away from the deal if expectations dont match. Once you have settled the deal, honor the terms. Reneging on contracts can be expensive in terms of money as well as reputation. Uphold your integrity. It may pay off when you least expect it. Negotiate and let your income appreciate.

List of topics attached Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

List of topics attached - Essay Example The ethnic conflicts which appeared immediately after the cold war resulted in the disintegration of Sviet Union, Czechos...lovakia and Yugoslavia. There exist various different ethnic, racial, national, linguistic and cultural groups in most of the countries today. Majority of countries on the world map are composed of more than one ethnic group and thus there is diversity in almost all the countries of the world (McGarry and O’Leary, 1993). At times some of the ethnic groups of the society which are in minority do not get recognition and thus equal rights from the other ethnic groups and in such scenarios the minority ethnic groups are practically thrown out of the society which leads to ethnic conflicts. In a state ethnic conflicts are born in circumstances when there is an identity crisis and conflict between various ethnic groups leading to internal conflict in a state. Other types of conflicts are also related to ethnic conflicts, these include ideological conflicts, gov ernance conflicts, racial conflicts and environmental conflicts. The most commonly observed reasons behind the emergence of differences between various groups living in the same country are religious, tribal, linguistic and ethnic differences. These differences very often incolve a mixture of identity and the search for security where prime contention concerns the devolution of power. Ethnicity is sometimes defined as the division of people living in an area into identity groups. Ethnic groups are historically given collectivities and psychological communities, these things can be observed very clearly in Iraq where the total population of the country is not only divide between groups on the basis of racial and ethnic differences, the country has also been divided over various sectarian conflicts i.e. between Shia Muslims and Sunni Muslims. The conflicts going on in Iraq and in some parts of Afghanistan can be classified as ethnic conflicts. Thesis Statement Eversince the beginning of war on terror and the ivasion of Iraq and Afghanistan by the international security forces, a series of conflicts have been observed in these areas which are primarily due to the imposed instability which was caused by the War on Terror. The media reports generated by unbiased agencies and the various researches which have been conducted in Iraq and Afghanistan, a basic difference have been observed to exist between the situation of sectarian conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. It has been observed that sectarian violence and extremism is more pronounced in Iraq than in Afghanistan. There are a number of factors which can be stated as the reason behind

Mergers & Acquisitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Mergers & Acquisitions - Essay Example Merger usually takes place when two companies join together as one company and both companies cease to exist as separate entities and a new entity is formed as a result. The example of DaimlerChrysler is most suitable here because this new business concern was formed by the merger of Daimler-Benz and Chrysler. It is also believed that mergers take place among or between equals. Practically however, the two or more companies are not always on equal grounds. Some times the companies undergoing a deal call the association as merger while in actuality it is an acquisition. The deal is a merger or an acquisition also depends on the circumstances. Friendly or hostile nature of the deal also becomes important. Irrespective of its nature the business deals of this kind greatly affect the board of directors, employees and shareholders. Apart from the distinction of mergers there also exist different forms of mergers. For example horizontal merger is one when companies sharing sharethe same product lines and markets join hands. When supplier and company merge it is termed vertical merger. Conglomeration happens when companies having different businesses come together. There re different reason given for the mergers and acquisition among companies but three hypotheses are very well known practically as well as theoretically. The synergy hypothesis, hubris hypothesis and managerialism hypothesis have been studied and different observations made regarding them. "The synergy hypothesis proposes that acquisitions take place when the value of the combined firm is greater than the sum of the values of the individual firms. Managers are assumed to be motivated by shareholders' interests to create economic value, and to have the ability to judge accurately the value potential of the combined firm. Other explanations do not assume value-maximizing behavior on the part of managers. The managerialism hypothesis suggests that managers embark on acquisitions to maximize their own utility at the expense of the shareholders of the firm. The hubris hypothesis suggests that bidding firm managers make mistakes in evaluating target firms, but undertake acquisitions presuming that their valuations are correct" (Pettit, Seth & Song, 2000). Synergy Hypothesis Two companies joined together may create the effect of three not two is the reason why most companies choose the path of mergers & acquisitions. The synergy is considered one of the main reasons. By mergers and acquisitions the companies seek to create more value for the shareholders. Synergy gets many benefits for the engaging companies. Most important benefits come in the form of revenue augmentation and cost savings. Due to staff reductions the company gets to save a lot. Especially, when one of the two CEO leaves the company with other employees they also forgo their expensive compensation packages causing huge reduction in costs. Economies of scales can be achieved by two companies together than separately. Relationship with suppliers also improves when stronger and larger groups negotiate. When placing orders for the company management can have a stronger position and as result could get better bargain. Some companies achieve an edge in a particular area by acquiring or merging another company. For example a small company having an edge in IT or any other scope of