Monday, May 18, 2020

Global Climate Change Triggered By Global Warming - 884 Words

The article, Global Climate Change Triggered by Global Warming by Stuart D. Jordan, seeks to provide evidence that global climate change caused by global warming is currently in affect and requires immediate attention and action. Jordan claims that the Earth’s climate has been undergoing significant and alarming changes for the past thirty years. He provided evidence based on observations, theoretical models, and calculations made by other researchers. The article addressed the increase in temperature over the years and claimed 2005 to be the warmest year in the last century. There is much fear, as temperature continues to increase, that possible ice reduction and melted ice sheets and glaciers in the Artic, Antarctica, and Greenland may occur and cause a rise in sea levels. If the Antarctic ice sheet melts, the sea level is calculated to rise two hundred feet, while if the ice sheet in Greenland melts, the sea level is calculated to rise seven meters, approximately twenty feet. The rise in sea level is affecting coastal areas. Many coastal areas are expected to sooner or later be flooded or below sea level. This can have terrible consequences for high populated coastal areas. Another problem that global warming may have on the world’s oceans is the possible change in the â€Å"global oceanic conveyor belt†. The conveyor belt controls the ocean’s currents which has impact on regional climate change. However, sc ientists have yet to agree on whether or not reduction of flow hasShow MoreRelatedThe Everglades And Global Warming1745 Words   |  7 PagesThe Everglades and Global warming Richard Hamilton BSC2010 Broward College The Everglades and Global warming Introduction The Everglades mainly found in the United States of America (USA) is a 2 million acre of wetland ecosystem that stretches from the Central of Florida near to Orlando to the Bay of Florida in the south. During rainy seasons, Lake Okeechobee experience upsurge in water volumes causing it to discharge the waters into the â€Å"river of grass† that characterize with shallowRead MoreThe Issue Of Global Warming1338 Words   |  6 PagesOver the past years, the controversial issue of global warming has been primarily brought to the attention of the public. Global warming is generally assumed to be the main cause of rising average global temperature. The climate on the Earth is changing and there is no big surprise. It is believed that global warming is caused by many natural and manmade activities, which is affecting the planet by the seconds, minutes, hours, days, and years. Many may not even care about this serious issue, butRead MoreIsotope Anomalies Across The Frasnian Famennia n Extinction Boundary1448 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Frasnian-Famennian boundary remains uncertain. Anomalies of stable isotope values have been observed at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary commonly, indicating the abrupt changes of environments during the crisis. These changes include marine anoxia possibly triggered by land plant evolutions, global cooling, and global warming probably induced by multiple bolide impacts. In this study, the variations of isotope compositions are summarized to investigate the possible major causes of F-F mass extinctionRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Environment1224 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal warming continues to be a huge concern affecting the environment, people and the world. If action to stop this phenomenon is not taken immediately by the global community, the consequences will certainly be catastrophic. Already, some of the consequences of global warming are being felt globally. The frequency and intensity of tropical storms has i ncreased as a result of global warming. Global temperatures continue to rise at rapid and unprecedented rates. According to scientific researchRead MoreGlobal Warming : The Signs And The Science1086 Words   |  5 Pages1. Global Warming: The signs and the science †¢ The change in earth’s climate have been driven by forces of nature for the past million years. †¢ The past century earths average temp has been rising faster than any time in the past 10,000 years and much of that change is due to humans †¢ There has been a rise in average temperature by 1 degrees Fahrenheit over the last 100 years. This rise to due to the human effect on the Earth. †¢ There is an estimated 700 parts per million of co2 in the Earth’sRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal Warming It’s a fact that global warming is a reality, our planet has already warmed 1 degree in the past century, and we are no seeing the dramatic effects: Glaciers are melting; oceans are rising; coral reefs are dying; species are disappearing. â€Å"Extreme weather patterns have emerged – heat waves, droughts, hurricanes, floods – and they are occurring with greater frequency and greater intensity. In 2003, heat waves caused 20,000 deaths in Europe and 1,500 deaths in India, and the numberRead MoreEssay on Fighting Global Warming 1202 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal warming has become a major issue discussed over Medias and governments all over the world today. It is a problem that threatens the whole world because of the destructive impacts it can have on us humans and to the environment. Global warming is not a new phenomenon. It is often referred to as the gradual rise of the earths near surface temperature as a result of increased emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities. The green house gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen, ozoneRead MoreAn Average Temperature Increase For Grape Growing1135 Words   |  5 Pages2010 30% of vineyards in Napa Valley fell into Class IV which is considered â€Å"hot† for grape growing. One can assume through this image that more vineyards will feel the temperature increase and raise to Class IV or even Class V (too hot). A warmer climate leads to drier soils which add stress to vineyards. In addition, the drought has also led to increased wildfires which can be devastating to specific vineyards. For example, Lake County Winegrape Commission estimates that the wildfires in SeptemberRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1661 Words   |  7 Pagesreduction in the volume of Himalayan glaciers due to climate change is occurring, (Wilkes Eriksson, 2009). With a highly heterogeneous geography, the region has a great climatic variability and forms a barrier to atmospheric circulatio n for the summer monsoon and winter westerlies. The regions climatic zones contain a rich diversity of species and ecosystems that exist along a pronounced humidity gradient, (Wilkes Eriksson, 2009). Vegetation changes from subtropical semi desert and thorn steppe formationRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pages Global warming and climate change will trigger major change in diversity and abundance of arthropods, geographical distribution of insect- pests, insect population dynamics, insect biotypes, and herbivore- plant interaction, activity and abundance of natural enemies and efficacy of crop protection technologies changes in geographical range and insect abundance will increase the extent of crop losses and thus, will have a major bearing on crop production and food security. Distribution of insect-

Monday, May 11, 2020

Shirley Jackson Biography Essay - 1117 Words

Shirley Jackson was born on December 14, 1916 in San Francisco, California. She was the daughter of Leslie Hardie (President of Stecher-Traung Lithograph,Inc.) and Geraldine Bugbee Jackson. Miss Jackson attended the University of Rochester from 1934 to 1936. She graduated with a BA from Syracuse University in 1940. Shortly after graduating, she married Stanley Edgar Hyman, who was a literary critic and was on the faculty of Bennington college.. They moved to Vermont and had four children together. Miss Jackson made her first appearance in The New Yorker in 1943 with a casual sketch After You Dear Alphonse. Then for the next ten years was a contributor of short stories. Shirley had spent her childhood living on the coast and†¦show more content†¦They often behave with callous disregard of those around them. Speaking of the reaction provoked by The Lottery, Jackson wrote in The Story and Its Writer, An Introduction to Short Fiction; One of the most terrifying aspects of publishing stories and books is the realization that they are going to be read, and read by strangers.I had never really fully understood this before. It had simply never occurred to me that these millions and millions of people, would sit down and write me letters I was downright scared to open. Even my mother scolded me. Miss Jackson also stated, If I thought this was a valid cross section of the reading public, I would give up writing. In 1959 Miss Jackson wrote a novel called The Haunting of Hill House. In 1963 it was made into a film called The Haunting, starring Julie Harris and Claire Bloom. In this story a group of researchers gather at an old estate house as part of a psychic investigaqtion to see if the building is haunted. One of the women invited to participate on the project because of her sensitivity to the supernatural becomes obsessed with or possessed by the house. Carol Cleveland explained in And Then There Were Nine-More Women of Mystery, that with this novel Jackson had given the traditional gothicShow MoreRelatedAn Unkindness of Tradition: Shirley Jackson ´s Biography1624 Words   |  7 Pagesmorbid and daunting way of writing. A common form is that of suspense and mystery. Shirley Jackson takes mystery to a distinctive level. She depicts an era that has not yet been revealed. By looking at the background of this author, analyzing her writing and responding personally you will better enhance your learning experience and connection with this type of dark literature. Author Biography Shirley Jackson was an extremely well liked American author during the 1900s. However, in recent yearsRead MoreThe Lottery, by Shirley Jackson1468 Words   |  6 Pagesfrowned upon for doing so. In Shirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery† she does exactly that by portraying themes like the inhumanity of violence and the tendency people have to follow traditions even when they do not agree with them. In a short biography about Jackson it says â€Å"The story was met with an avalanche of feedback, including hate mail and cancelled subscriptions. Many folks interpreted the story as an attack on the values of small towns America† (â€Å"The Shirley Jackson Page at American Literature†)Read More Shirley Jacksons The Lottery 946 Words   |  4 PagesShirley Jackson is said to be one of the most â€Å"brilliant and influential authors of the twentieth century.† â€Å"Her fiction writing is some of the most important to come out of the American literary canon.† (http://shirleyjackson.org/Reviews.html) Jackson wrote many short stories and even some books. They are more on the dark, witchlike side, however. Kelleher explains that Jackson stated in some interviews that she practiced magic. No one really knows if she was serious while practicing witchcraftRead MoreGender Roles in â€Å"The Lottery† In the short story â€Å"The Lottery,† Shirley Jackson shows apparent1300 Words   |  6 PagesGender Roles in â€Å"The Lottery† In the short story â€Å"The Lottery,† Shirley Jackson shows apparent gender roles where women have little to no say with decisions and arrangements. The women in the story are portrayed as mediocre to the men of the village. This is mainly shown by there not being a single dominant female character throughout the story. Not only is the social standing of the women lower, they are not treated with the respect that women deserve. The women are shown as so insignificant thatRead MoreShirley Jackson’s Constant Battle of Self Satisfaction879 Words   |  4 PagesDarryl Hattenhauer, Shirley Jackson, an American gothic author, was ranked among Americas most highly regarded fiction writers during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s (1). Jackson argued that â€Å"a good story must engage its reader, persuade him that he wants to belong in the story for as long as it lasts† and if the author fails to provide such experience then they can consider their work a failure (Hall 113). The idea of authors providing an experience of enjoyment, made Jackson a successful writerRead MoreSymbolism in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson Essay example1173 Words   |  5 Pageslottery in which the â€Å"winner† was the member of the town who was not sacrificed? This question is answered in Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery.† In reading this story, and reading literary criticism about the story, there were many symbols and much symbolism in this story. 1 Biographical Analysis Shirley Jackson was the only daughter of Leslie and Geraldine Jackson. Born in 1916, Jackson grew up in Rochester New York and went to Brighton High School. Eventually, she would graduate from SyracuseRead MoreEssay on The Lottery1873 Words   |  8 Pagesgreat interest in its author, Shirley Jackson. Shirley Jackson was born in San Francisco, California on December 14, 1919. When she was two years old, her family moved her to Burlingame, California, where Jackson attended high school. After high school Jackson moved away to attend college at Rochester University in upstate New York but after only a short time at Rochester and, after taking off a year from school, she moved on to Syracuse University. At first, Jackson was in the School of JournalismRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson s Flower Garden 1511 Words   |  7 Pagespsychological thrillers, Shirley Jackson has always been able to get into the mind of the reader and force them to think of the deeper meaning behind her stories. However, it is always brought to question if her best selling works were a result of her poor mental health. Growing up, Jackson had always felt like an outsider; dealing with a cruel mother and other children her age only fueled her isolation later in life. As a way to record her feelings and tho ughts, Jackson began writing stories andRead Moreâ€Å"the Destructors† and â€Å"the Lottery† Fiction Essay997 Words   |  4 Pagesthat we are, as human beings, a violent people by nature. We see it in our own history of wars and genocide that the violence in us can grow to extreme proportions. These two stories, â€Å"The Destructors† by Graham Greene, and â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, show us that some of the violence can be brought on by people simply following blindly. Whether we look at the past or the present, these two short stories, show us the mob mentality can be very dangerous. The long dead tradition of â€Å"The Lottery†Read MoreThe Theme Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson1159 Words   |  5 Pagespeople will go to fit in, to be part of a crowd, to feel accepted. The theme of this story is a reflection on some of Shirley Jackson’s life, from her experiences as a wife in a small community in conjunction with her p erspective of the events of WW II. Jackson was born in San Francisco and grew up in an affluent middle-class community. Looking at the way in which Shirley Jackson begins this short story is telling; how she describes the unmistakable charm of this village, with its folks gathering

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Sutter Health A Non Profit Public Based- Healthcare System

Sutter Health Approach Teresa Brasaemle ACC 281 Instructor Mark Metzger February 11, 2016 Sutter Health Approach After reading the following, â€Å"From bottom to top: How one provider retooled its collections† (Souza McCarty, 2007). The article sheds light on the fact that Sutter Health is a non-profit public based- healthcare system. Not to mention it is based in Sacramento, in the northern part of California. This type of healthcare systems services patients and families where the system providers have joined force and share their expertise that have helped progress and advance the quality of healthcare. According to Souza McCarty, they reference the fact that the non-profit network has initiated the interface having the intentions of developing revenue collection for healthcare facilities that can collect from self-paying patients. (2007, p.68). However, with a traditional payment system it does have its disadvantages meaning there are delays in the payment process of the effective revenue system in healthcare facilities. Mainly, is the limitations of the proc essing because of the result of not having the accessibility of precise information on accounts. Souza McCarty further discuss that fact that Patient Financial Services staff are not in a position to have the real-time information that aids in processing the financial and operational indicators of the healthcare facility. (2007, p. 70). There were also unproductive and incompetent performance measures in theShow MoreRelatedSutter Case Analysis2724 Words   |  11 PagesAn increasing issue within the health care field is the inability to collect debt from the growing population of uninsured or underinsured patients. Healthcare organizations may be struggling to meet operational margins because the industry has never treated its customers like other retail-oriented sectors of the economy. A McKinsy and Company report states that hospitals incur sixty billion dollars in bad debt annually because they typically collect only ten to twenty percent of a total uninsuredRead MoreHealthcare Field From Medicine Practice2246 Words   |  9 PagesTruong Binh Nguyen MinhThu Phan Thu Tran Pei-Ying Kelly Hsin Healthcare Industry- Team Project Healthcare started from medicine practice. The medicine studied by many cultures and people passed through many trials and errors to save the knowledge to the next generation. In 19th century, by using chemical, biological and technological advances to discover anesthetics, syringes, antiseptics, x-rays, and penicillin. In 20th century, healthcare began to grow fast. Prepaid arrangements, the medical insuranceRead MoreEmanuel Medical Center Situational Decision Analysis47698 Words   |  191 Pagesrevenue enhancing procedures. EMC’s competitors, on the other hand, have large sources of revenue due to their mergers with large healthcare networks such as Catholic Healthcare West. Another competitor, Kaiser Permanente Modesto Medical Center, has extremely large financial resources due to the fact it is part of the Kaiser Permanente HMO network, one of the most lucrative health networks in the entire country. EMC is at a strategic financial disadvantage in terms of the capabilit ies to improve the structureRead MorePharmaceutical Price Controls in the Oecd Countries47662 Words   |  191 Pagespromoting international trade, opening foreign markets, ensuring compliance with trade laws and agreements, and supporting U.S. commercial interests at home and abroad. To learn more about the ITA, write to: International Trade Administration, Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC 20230, or visit the ITA’s Internet site at www.ita.doc.gov. Pharmaceutical Price Controls in OECD Countries Implications for U.S. Consumers, Pricing, Research and Development, and Innovation Read MorePunchtab Inc10225 Words   |  41 PagesPark, California-based startup PunchTab, Inc., smiled as he recalled the recent online New York Post article â€Å"$150,000 A Dream.† The article illustrated the entrepreneur-friendly nature of the current financing environment and the creativity investors were using to gain access to early-stage companies. (See Exhibit 1 for article.) Kumaran felt fortunate to be starting a company in this environment. He recently left his first startup YouSendIt to start PunchTab, an Internet-based turnkey customerRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pageson acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission

Identifying Individual Preferences in the Airline Industry Free Essays

string(257) " Assume that the budget lines for business and pleasure travellers are equal which can be seen from graph 3 and 4 below; the steeper indifference curves for business travellers show their optimal choices between purchasing airplane tickets and other goods\." Transportation services are becoming more common and broadly used in recent decade, in line with the advancement of technology. Generally, transportation services can be divided into three groups: water transportation, land transportation and air transportation (Gee, Choy, Makens, 1984). Airline industry, which this essay focusing on, is one of the discoveries of newest innovations in the travel services sector. We will write a custom essay sample on Identifying Individual Preferences in the Airline Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has been developed so much in recent year to operate more effectively. Not only guarantee a safe journey to the destination place, the airline companies are now trying to create a competition in the market by providing the best services to the travellers and offering competitive prices (Hensher Louviere, 1983). Those strategies are aimed to attract more consumers to travel by their airline companies. This essay will discuss the theories of consumer economics and their applications in the real consumer issues in airline industry, mainly on the factors that changing the consumer demand of airplane ticket, as well as the underlying reasons of why consumers prefer some particular airlines to the others. Furthermore, the behaviour of different types of consumers toward the choice of different airlines will also be discussed here. In observing those issues, this paper will focus on two airline companies: Singapore Airlines and Jetstar. The price data were obtained from a single route from Melbourne to Singapore. The core idea in analysing consumer behaviour in making choices in the economic activity, mainly in the airline industry, is because of their limited incomes and unlimited wants. Those then lead to trade-offs and opportunity costs. Consumers in the airline industry could be divided into two groups, which are business and pleasure travellers. Elasticity is the percentage change in one variable resulting from a 1-percent increase in another (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2009). When the price elasticity is greater than 1 in magnitude, we say that demand is price elastic because the percentage decline in quantity demanded is greater than the percentage increase in price. If the price is less than 1 in magnitude, the demand is said to be price inelastic. Graph 1. Elastic and inelastic demand (Inelastic demand) (Elastic demand) In this case, elastic demand of airline industry is exceptionally unstable because it depends on the market conditions such as inflation, terrorists attack and price oil. In airline industry, price elasticity demand is considered both elastic and inelastic (Yahoo Voices, 2008). An elastic demand is in relation travel for pleasure. Pleasure travellers are extremely sensitive to the price of the travel. An inelastic demand is in relation for business travel. Business travels have little effect for increase in price of the travel. Income elasticity of demand measures the degree of responsiveness of demand of a good to a change in consumers’ income. It has equation of : EI=[ΔQ/Q]/[ ΔI/I]=[I/Q]*[ ΔQ/ ΔI]. Airplane ticket is normal good as it has a positive income elasticity, which means when consumers’ income increase the consumption of ticket will increase as well. Cross elasticity of demand measures the degree of responsiveness of demand of one good to a change in the price of another good. It is shown in the equation: EQ1P2 = [ΔQ1/Q1] / [ΔP2/P2] = [P2/Q2]*[ΔQ1/ ΔP2]. If airplane ticket and other consumption (i.e. food and cloths) are considered as a group, there will be a positive cross-price elasticity, which tells us that if the price of one good (other consumption or ticket) goes up, the demand for the other good goes up as well. Consumer behaviour analysis attempts to understand the consumers’ allocation of incomes among different goods and services to maximize their well-being. It consist of three distinct aspects: consumer preferences, describing the reasons why people might prefer one good to another; budget constraints, reflecting consumers’ limited incomes that restrict the quantities of goods they can buy; and consumer choices, which are the combination of the consumer preferences and budgets constraints (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2009). There are some basic assumptions made in observing consumer preferences in the airline industry. First, preferences are assumed to be complete. Complete means that consumers are able to compare and rank all possible market baskets. However, this assumption ignores costs. Second, preferences are transitive or consistent. And third, â€Å"more is better than less† since goods are assumed to be desirable. Indifference curve represents all combinations of market baskets which provide consumer with same level of satisfaction (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2009). Indifference curve and utility functions (set of indifference curves) are used to analyse the consumer behaviour and preferences in choosing market baskets, in which relate to consumer demand (Gould, 1973). Higher indifference curve is more preferable to the lower one because it represents higher welfare (Telhado, 2007). Moreover, indifference curves cannot intersect and the slope of each point in the indifference curve represents marginal rate of substitution (MRS), which is the maximum amount of a good that consumer is willing to give up to obtain one additional unit of another good. Indifference curves of consumers in the airline industry are assumed to be downward sloping and bowed-inward, reflecting diminishing MRS, since the demand of airplane tickets and comparable goods are both desirable. The shape of the indifference curves is different among group of consumers. Indifference curves of the first group of consumer, business travellers, are steeper than pleasure travellers. Graph 1 below shows that the business travellers’ group is willing to trade more of other consumption (a) to exchange it with an airplane ticket (b), since they need to directly travel to other place establishing business transactions. Graph 2. Indifference map for business travellers While in the graph 2, pleasure travellers is unwillingly trade more of the other consumptions in order to purchase a unit of airplane ticket (a b). It is because they travel to seek pleasure, not urgently need to be done directly. Thus, they are more flexible in the decision making process of which airline company they want to travel with and the time of travel. Graph 3. Indifference map for pleasure travellers Along with indifference curve, there is budget constraints which restraint consumer’s consumptions due to limited incomes (Mary, 2007). Assume that the budget lines for business and pleasure travellers are equal which can be seen from graph 3 and 4 below; the steeper indifference curves for business travellers show their optimal choices between purchasing airplane tickets and other goods. You read "Identifying Individual Preferences in the Airline Industry" in category "Papers" Business travellers seem to purchase more airplane tickets rather than other consumptions because they want to give up more of other consumptions to obtain an additional airplane ticket. Graph 4. Indifference map and budget constraints for business travellers In contrast, for pleasure travellers, the flatter indifference curves will lead them to purchase other consumptions rather than allocating a large portion of income in purchasing airplane tickets. The tangent between indifference curve and budget constraint will be the point of maximum well-being which can be achieved. Area below the optimal point shows that the consumers are not maximising their consumption. Whilst the area above that point means the consumers do not have enough income (budget) to achieve that consumption level. Graph 5. Indifference curve for pleasure travellers In general, when there is a change in consumer’s income, there will be a parallel shift in the budget line, either downward or upward. As shown in graph below, initially, the utility-maximizing consumption choice is at A, at which point he buys X1 units of airplane ticket and Y1 units of other kinds of good. If his income increases, his budget line will shift outward, allowing him to attain the higher utility level associated with indifference curve U2 and then U3. His optimal consumption choice is at B (and then D) now. At this time, the consumer can purchase larger units of tickets (from X1 to X2 to X3). It can be seen in the income-consumption curve that the slope is upward, because as income increase, the consumption of both airplane ticket and other consumption increase. Graph 6. The effect of a change in income level On the other hand, when there is a change in product’s price and income level held constant, there will be an intercept rotation on the budget line. Recent condition in the airline industry is many companies try to attract more consumers to purchase the airline tickets from them by cutting the airfares. This strategy increases the competition level among the airline industry. The reduction in price of the air fares will result in outward rotation in the budget line on the ‘x’ axis, which represents airplane ticket. People can now purchase more airplane tickets due to lower price, representing the increase in consumers’ welfare or utility level. It is associated by the movement of indifference curve from U1 to U3 by selecting point D. At this time, consumption of ticket will increase from X1 to X3. Moreover, the slope of the second budget constraint is now decreasing, represents lower opportunity cost of obtaining a unit of airplane ticket. Graph 7. The effect of the decrease in price level In most cases, consumers would like to buy more airplane tickets as their income increases, but in some cases, the quantity demanded falls as income increases, the income elasticity of demand is negative. As shown in graph below, for relatively low levels of income (between point A and B), both Singapore Airlines and Jetstar flights are normal goods. However, as income rises, some consumers tend to buy less Jetstar tickets and more Singapore Airlines tickets as Singapore airlines has better service, food supply and in-flight entertainment system. At this time Jetstar has become an inferior good, the income-consumption curve bends backward from point B to C, which means its consumption has fallen when income has increased. Graph 8. Jetstar becomes an inferior good as income increases Even though Jetstar has been said as inferior good in some cases, in general, airline ticket is assumed as normal good. Refer to that, a decrease in the price of airline tickets due to the market competition has both income and substitution effect. As shown in the graph below, the consumer is initially at A, on budget line RS. When the price of ticket falls, consumption increases by A1A2 as the consumer move to B. Keeping real income constant, the substitution effect A1E can be got when the price of ticket falls, associated with a move from A to D. If keeping relative price constant but increasing purchasing power, the income effect EA2 can be got, associated with a move from D to B. As airplane ticket is normal good, the income effect EA2 is positive. Therefore, the total effect of a change in ticket price is equal to the sum of the substitution effect and income effect. Graph 9. Total effect of a change in price After discussing the demand curve for individual consumer, market demand curve for airplane ticket will be shown now. It can be derived as the sum of the individual demand curve of all consumers in the market, as stated previously. As shown in graph below, the market demand curve is also slope downward as all the individual demand curves slope downward. However, the market demand curve is not a straight line. When more people choose to travel by airplane, the market demand curve will shift to the right. In addition, if most consumers in the market earn more income, as a result, their increasing demand for airplane ticket will also shift the market curve to the right. If the economic crisis breaks out as what happened several years ago, many people lose their job and the income decreased. Thus, the market demand curve for airplane ticket will shift to the left. Graph 10. The market demand curve for airplane ticket From the actual rates, Singapore Airlines has the higher average price than Jetstar. In the same time, there is a survey about the level of satisfactions of international airlines shown by the graph below. From the graph, it illustrates that Singapore Airlines has the highest satisfaction level figure. From the risk and uncertainty point of view, Singapore Airlines provides superior service and it maintains an eye on rivals’ prices and ensures it stays competitive among other airline companies. The airline cancellations and delays usually provided with explanations and apologies. This airline is also providing advantage on frequent flyer consumers such as â€Å"priority passengers’ service†. This service is suitable for business travellers as it will give them advantage in booking urgently needed flights for important meetings. This airline is also suitable for those high-income pleasure travellers as it offers great entertainment and amusement, such as popular movies with multiple language options, games and dozens of audio channels. In addition, Singapore Airlines catering supply is trying to provide varieties of meals menu which match the likely passengers’ needs. For example, there will be Indian and western food provided for subcontinent flights. Moreover, Singapore Airlines has a modern fleet and the aircrafts have been maintained with the highest standards. Thus, the cost of flights is higher which result in the higher airfares, however, safely of this airline is guaranteed. Comparing to Singapore Airlines, Jetstar offers lower price to the consumers. Their food, beverages and entertainment standard are much lower than Singapore Airlines’. Jetstar is known for having many complaints from its passengers in term of its services, such as frequent delays and cancellations of flight. Those seem to be serious problems for business travellers, as time efficiency is the main factor. However, Jetstar’s network is constantly expanding by opening flights to some new locations in Asia. Thus, Jetstar is more suitable for pleasure travellers which have shorter travel distance and not much concern about the services provided on board. As the theory of equal marginal principle states that â€Å"the utility is maximized when the consumer has equalized the marginal utility per dollar of expenditure across all goods† (Gordon, 2007), the business travellers who are not price prioritize will choose to travel with Singapore Airlines since they prefer in optimal satisfaction. However, for the pleasure travellers that prioritize the price factor will choose to travel with Jetstar which provide low price for consumers rather than best satisfaction. Graph 11. Satisfactions with International Airlines 2009-2010 Even with a high level of satisfaction, Singapore Airline has experienced a decline in market share over the last five years, as shown in Graph 13. Low-cost airlines such as Jetstar have contributed to the lack of growth for more premium airlines. Additionally, Peter von Moltke stated that â€Å"the low cost sector is a major influence in sustaining a steady growth trajectory for the global aviation industry.† (PR Newswire, 2011). Graph 12. Market share of Top 10 Airlines in Australia (Department of Infrastructure and Transport, 2012) So far, it has assumed that people’s demands for airplane ticket are individualized. That enables us to obtain the market demand curve simply by summing individuals’ demands (Kris, 2007). In real-life, however, one person’s demand always depends on other people’s demand. That is a network externality, which can be positive or negative. It is a good chance for airline companies to attract more passengers by using bandwagon effect of a positive externality. As shown in the graph below, when consumers believe more people have purchased the product, the demand curve shifts further to the right (D1 to D5). The market demand curve is found by joining the points on the individual demand curves, which can be seen that it is relatively more elastic. Suppose the ticket price falls from P1 to P2. Without bandwagon effect, the quantity demanded will increase from Q2 to Q2’. However, as more passengers choose to fly with Jetstar or Singapore Airlines and think it is worth to be the first-flying choice as it is trustworthy, the bandwagon effect increases quantity demanded further to D4. Therefore, airline companies use bandwagon effect to increase the response of demand in relevance with price change. To obtain this effect, the airline companies could target its potential segment and use advertisement to build up their brand image and reputation among the market. For example, Singapore Airlines could use ‘comfortable, quick and always on-time’ image to attract its business travellers. And for Jetstar, the image of cheap and flexible could help the company to obtain its bandwagon effect in pleasure travellers’ market. Graph 13. Bandwagon effect To conclude, the consumers’ demand of airplane ticket is affected by their income, ticket price, and the demand elasticity. Business travellers prefer to travel with Singapore Airlines, even with a higher airfare. They concern more on punctuality and the service provided and their price elasticity of demand is low. In contrast, pleasure travellers are less concerned with the quality of service provided, focusing on reaching their destination with the lowest cost. Their price elasticity of demand is high, thus, Jetstar is preferred in this case. In the intense market competition, Singapore airlines and Jetstar could use the bandwagon effect to attract more passengers by building up their own brand image. How to cite Identifying Individual Preferences in the Airline Industry, Papers

Music and Its Importance Essay Sample free essay sample

I. Music is an of import portion of the lives of many around the existence. Music is used throughout the twenty-four hours. every twenty-four hours. Whether executing it. learning it. or merely basking it. music evokes attitudes in people. It transcends outlooks and springs over civilization values. It makes you think. feel. and allows you to understand cosmopolitan thoughts. Music speaks for you when you have no words to state. Although there are tonss of different types of my music my favourite is Rhythm and Blues. Rhythm and Blues ( besides known as R A ; B ) made a splash on the scene and alter the universe as we know it. Let’s take a blast from the past by presenting one of the most popular genres of music around. stating the significance behind R A ; B. and giving facts about why it’s merely that good. II. Rhythm and Blues originated in the late fortiess and early 1950s. We will write a custom essay sample on Music and Its Importance Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page R A ; B got its name from record companies when it ab initio came out because it was preponderantly to urban African Americans. During this clip swaying wind beats were going more popular. During the different decennaries R A ; B significances have made a immense displacement. The first name alteration occurred in the sixtiess. During the 1960s R A ; B made contributes to sway and turn over. Caucasic Americans so used the term R A ; B for Gospel. psyche. and electric blues. When the 1970s appeared the term R A ; B described a new signifier of music called funk. After the 90s music evolved and R A ; B is referred to start. psyche. funk-influenced music. R A ; B is so popular that it changes names but still maintains its manner. III. R A ; B is the best genre to listen to because it contains subgenres. For illustration. modern-day R A ; B. smooth R A ; B. decelerate jam. neo psyche. and hip hop psyche are a portion of R A ; B. R A ; B besides have merger genres of jook articulation blues. R A ; B hood. and rockabilly. Another ground why R A ; B is the best cistrons of music to listen to is because it has a broad assortment of instruments such as: the drum kit. dual bass. horns. piano. organ. and electric guitar. R A ; B besides have a assortment of creative person with a assortment of vocals and background singers. In my sentiment R A ; B creative persons are the best creative persons in the universe. They sing with passion and love. Tunes flow through your organic structure when listening to adult females like Whitney Houston. Mariah Carey. and Lauryn Hill. R A ; B singer’s words touch you and animate you. IV. R A ; B introduced records labels like Motown which become place to artist such as: Sam Cooke. The Jackson 5. Mary Wells. Diana Ross A ; The Supremes. The Four Tops. Boyz II Men. The Commodores. and Erykah Badu. All of these creative persons had an outstanding calling winning legion awards and holding chart exceeding vocals. I enjoy listening to all of these creative persons but my favourite of all clip is the Jackson 5. The Jackson 5 lived the American Dream. From Gary. Indiana. establishing group members include Jackie. Tito. Jermaine. Marlon and Michael. The Jackson 5 spent six and a half old ages on Motown and became the biggest phenomena of the seventiess. The Jackson 5 were the first act in entering history to hold their first four major label singles ( â€Å"I Want You Back† . â€Å"ABC† . â€Å"The Love You Save† . and â€Å"I’ll Be There† ) reach the top of the American charts. [ 2 ] Several subsequently singles. among them â€Å"Mama’s Pearl† . â€Å"Never Can State Goodbye† and â€Å"Dancing Machine† . were Top 5 dad hits and number-one hits on the R A ; B singles chart ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_Jackson_5 ) . The Jackson 5 vocals are sung throughout the universe today by striplings and grownups. V. To state that R A ; B is the best genre to listen to is an understatement. R A ; B music is great because it withholds old traditional values. R A ; B music is listened to and recorded throughout the universe. Many creative persons have sampled vocals from R A ; B creative person and turned them into another hit. R A ; B calms the ps yche and release emphasis. Whenever you want to set your head at easiness you can ever set on a R A ; B vocal and it will steer you into Eden. With religious wordss. heartfelt beats. and powerful messages. R A ; B is the best genre to listen to.